Models
======

Models are objects representing business data, rules and logic. They are part of
the [MVC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller) architecture.

You can create model classes by extending [[yii\base\Model]] or its child classes. The base class
[[yii\base\Model]] supports many useful features:

* [Attributes](#attributes): represent the business data and can be accessed like normal object properties
  or array elements;
* [Attribute labels](#attribute-labels): specify the display labels for attributes;
* [Massive assignment](#massive-assignment): supports populating multiple attributes in a single step;
* [Validation](#validation): ensures input data based on the declared validation rules;
* [Data Exporting](#data-exporting): allows model data to be exported in terms of arrays with customizable formats.

The `Model` class is also the base class for more advanced models, such as [Active Record](db-active-record.md).
Please refer to the relevant documentation for more details about these advanced models.

> Info: You are not required to base your model classes on [[yii\base\Model]]. However, because there are many Yii
  components built to support [[yii\base\Model]], it is usually the preferable base model classes.


## Attributes <a name="attributes"></a>

Attributes are the properties that represent business data. By default, attributes are *non-static public*
member variables if your model class extends directly from [[yii\base\Model]].

The following code creates a `ContactForm` model class with four attributes: `name`, `email`, `subject` and `body`.

```php
namespace app\models;

use yii\base\Model;

class ContactForm extends Model
{
    public $name;
    public $email;
    public $subject;
    public $body;
}
```

Naturally, you can access an attribute like accessing a normal object property:

```php
$model = new \app\models\ContactForm;
$model->name = 'example';
echo $model->name;
```

You can also access attributes like accessing array elements, thanks to the support for
[ArrayAccess](http://php.net/manual/en/class.arrayaccess.php) and [ArrayIterator](http://php.net/manual/en/class.arrayiterator.php)
by [[yii\base\Model]]:

```php
$model = new \app\models\ContactForm;

// accessing attributes like array elements
$model['name'] = 'example';
echo $model['name'];

// iterate attributes
foreach ($model as $name => $value) {
    echo "$name: $value\n";
}
```

The method [[yii\base\Model::attributes()]] defines and returns the names of the attributes in a model.
You may override this method to support different ways of defining attributes. For example, [[yii\db\ActiveRecord]]
does so by returning table column names as attribute names. Note that you may also need to override the magic
methods such as `__get()`, `__set()` so that the attributes can be accessed like normal object properties.


## Attribute Labels <a name="attribute-labels"></a>

When displaying values or getting input for attributes, you often need to display some labels associated
with attributes. For example, given an attribute named `firstName`, you may want to display a label `First Name`
which is more user-friendly when displayed to end users in places such as form inputs and error messages.

By default, attribute labels are automatically generated from attribute names. The generation is done by
the method [[yii\base\Model::generateAttributeLabel()]]. It will turn camel-case variable names into
multiple words with the first letter in each word in upper case. For example, `username` becomes `Username`,
and `firstName` becomes `First Name`.

If you do not want to use automatically generated labels, you may override [[yii\base\Model::attributeLabels()]]
to explicitly declare attribute labels. For example,

```php
namespace app\models;

use yii\base\Model;

class ContactForm extends Model
{
    public $name;
    public $email;
    public $subject;
    public $body;

    public function attributeLabels()
    {
        return [
            'name' => 'Your name',
            'email' => 'Your email address',
            'subject' => 'Subject',
            'body' => 'Content',
        ];
    }
}
```

For applications supporting multiple languages, you may want to translate attribute labels. This can be done
in the [[yii\base\Model::attributeLabels()|attributeLabels()]] method as well, like the following:

```php
public function attributeLabels()
{
    return [
        'name' => \Yii::t('app', 'Your name'),
        'email' => \Yii::t('app', 'Your email address'),
        'subject' => \Yii::t('app', 'Subject'),
        'body' => \Yii::t('app', 'Content'),
    ];
}
```

You may even conditionally define attribute labels. For example, based on the [scenario](#scenarios) the model
is being used in, you may return different labels for the same attribute.

> Info: Strictly speaking, attribute labels are part of [views](structure-views.md). But declaring labels
  in models is often very convenient and can result in very clean and reusable code.


## Scenarios <a name="scenarios"></a>

A model may be used in different *scenarios*. For example, a `User` model may be used to collect user login inputs,
but it may also be used for the user registration purpose. In different scenarios, a model may use different
business rules and logic. For example, the `email` attribute may be required during user registration,
but not so during user login.

A model uses the [[yii\base\Model::scenario]] property to keep track of the scenario it is being used in.
By default, a model supports only a single scenario named `default`. The following code shows two ways of
setting the scenario of a model:

```php
// scenario is set as a property
$model = new User;
$model->scenario = 'login';

// scenario is set through configuration
$model = new User(['scenario' => 'login']);
```

To support multiple scenarios by a single model, you may override the [[yii\base\Model::scenarios()]] method,
like the following:

```php
namespace app\models;

use yii\db\ActiveRecord;

class User extends ActiveRecord
{
    public function scenarios()
    {
        return [
            'login' => ['username', 'password'],
            'register' => ['username', 'email', 'password'],
        ];
    }
}
```

> Info: In the above and following examples, the model classes are extending from [[yii\db\ActiveRecord]]
  because the usage of multiple scenarios usually happens to [Active Record](db-active-record.md) classes.

The `scenarios()` method returns an array whose keys are the scenario names and values the corresponding
*active attributes*. An active attribute can be [massively assigned](#massive-assignment) and is subject
to [validation](#validation). In the above example, the `username` and `password` attributes are active
in the `login` scenario; while in the `register` scenario, `email` is also active besides `username` and `password`.

The default implementation of `scenarios()` will return all scenarios found in the validation rule declaration
method [[yii\base\Model::rules()]]. When overriding `scenarios()`, if you want to introduce new scenarios
in addition to the default ones, you may write code like the following:

```php
namespace app\models;

use yii\db\ActiveRecord;

class User extends ActiveRecord
{
    public function scenarios()
    {
        $scenarios = parent::scenarios();
        $scenarios['login'] = ['username', 'password'];
        $scenarios['register'] = ['username', 'email', 'password'];
        return $scenarios;
    }
}
```

The scenario feature is primarily used by [validation](#validation) and [massive attribute assignment](#massive-assignment).
You can, however, use it for other purposes. For example, you may declare [attribute labels](#attribute-labels)
differently based on the current scenario.


## Validation <a name="validation"></a>

When the data for a model is received from end users, it should be validated to make sure it satisfies
certain rules (called *validation rules*, also known as *business rules*). For example, given a `ContactForm` model,
you may want to make sure all attributes are not empty and the `email` attribute contains a valid email address.
If the values for some attributes do not satisfy the corresponding business rules, appropriate error messages
should be displayed to help the user to fix the errors.

You may call [[yii\base\Model::validate()]] to trigger validation. The method will go through every *active rule*
and make sure it is satisfied. If not, an error message will be generated for each failed rule and attribute.
The method returns a boolean value indicating whether all rules are satisfied. If not, you may retrieve the
error messages through the property [[yii\base\Model::errors]] or [[yii\base\Model::firstErrors]]. For example,

```php
$model = new \app\models\ContactForm;

// populate model attributes with user inputs
$model->attributes = \Yii::$app->request->post('ContactForm');

if ($model->validate()) {
    // all inputs are valid
} else {
    // validation failed: $errors is an array containing error messages
    $errors = $model->errors;
}
```


To declare validation rules associated with a model, override the [[yii\base\Model::rules()]] method by returning
the rules that the model data should satisfy. The following example should the validation rules
for the `ContactForm` model:

```php
public function rules()
{
    return [
        // the name, email, subject and body attributes are required
        [['name', 'email', 'subject', 'body'], 'required'],

        // the email attribute should be a valid email address
        ['email', 'email'],
    ];
}
```

The `rules()` method returns an array of rules, each of which is an array in the following format:

```php
[
    // required, specifies which attributes should be validated by this rule.
    // For single attribute, you can use the attribute name directly
    // without having it in an array instead of an array
    ['attribute1', 'attribute2', ...],

    // required, specifies the type of this rule.
    // It can be a class name, validator alias, or a validation method name
    'validator',

    // optional, specifies in which scenario(s) this rule should be applied
    // if not given, it means the rule applies to all scenarios
    'on' => ['scenario1', 'scenario2', ...],

    // optional, specifies additional configurations for the validator object
    'property1' => 'value1', 'property2' => 'value2', ...
]
```

A rule may be applied to one or multiple attributes. A rule may be applicable only in certain [scenarios](#scenarios).
When a rule is applicable in a scenario, it is called an *active rule* in that scenario.

When the `validate()` method is called, it does the following steps to perform validation:

1. Determine which attributes should be validated by checking the current [[yii\base\Model::scenario|scenario]]
   against the scenarios declared in [[yii\base\Model::scenarios()]]. These attributes are the active attributes.
2. Determine which rules should be applied by checking the current [[yii\base\Model::scenario|scenario]]
   against the rules declared in [[yii\base\Model::rules()]]. These rules are the active rules.
3. Use each active rule to validate each active attribute which is associated with the rule.

According to the above validation steps, an attribute will be validated if and only if it is
an active attribute declared in `scenarios()` and it is associated with one or multiple active rules
declared in `rules()`.

Yii provides a set of built-in validators to support commonly needed data validation tasks. You may also
create your own validators by extending [[yii\validators\Validator]] or writing an inline validation method
within model classes. For more details about the built-in validators and how to create your own validators,
please refer to the [Input Validation](input-validation.md) section.

> Note: As a rule of thumb, never trust the data coming from end users and always validate them before
  putting them to some good use.


## Massive Assignment <a name="massive-assignment"></a>

Massive assignment is a convenient way of populating a model with user inputs using a single line of code.
It populates the attributes of a model by assigning the input data directly to the [[yii\base\Model::attributes]]
property. The following two pieces of code are equivalent, both trying to assign the form data submitted by end users
to the attributes of the `ContactForm` model. Clearly, the former, which uses massive assignment, is much cleaner
and less error prone than the latter:

```php
$model = new \app\models\ContactForm;
$model->attributes = \Yii::$app->request->post('ContactForm');
```

```php
$model = new \app\models\ContactForm;
$data = \Yii::$app->request->post('ContactForm', []);
$model->name = isset($data['name']) ? $data['name'] : null;
$model->email = isset($data['email']) ? $data['email'] : null;
$model->subject = isset($data['subject']) ? $data['subject'] : null;
$model->body = isset($data['body']) ? $data['body'] : null;
```


### Safe Attributes <a name="safe-attributes"></a>

Massive assignment only applies to the so-called *safe attributes* which are the attributes listed in
[[yii\base\Model::scenarios()]] for the current [[yii\base\Model::scenario|scenario]] of a model.
For example, if the `User` model has the following scenario declaration, then when the current scenario
is `login`, only the `username` and `password` can be massively assigned. Any other attributes will
be kept untouched.

```php
public function scenarios()
{
    return [
        'login' => ['username', 'password'],
        'register' => ['username', 'email', 'password'],
    ];
}
```

> Info: The reason that massive assignment only applies to safe attributes is because you want to
  control which attributes can be modified by end user data. For example, if the `User` model
  has a `permission` attribute which determines the permission assigned to the user, you would
  like this attribute to be modifiable by administrators through a backend interface only.

Because the default implementation of [[yii\base\Model::scenarios()]] will return all scenarios and attributes
found in [[yii\base\Model::rules()]], if you do not override this method, it means an attribute is safe as long
as it appears in one of the active validation rules.

For this reason, a special validator aliased `safe` is provided so that you can declare an attribute
to be safe without actually validating it. For example, the following rules declare that both `title`
and `description` are safe attributes.

```php
public function rules()
{
    return [
        [['title', 'description'], 'safe'],
    ];
}
```


### Unsafe Attributes <a name="unsafe-attributes"></a>

As described above, the [[yii\base\Model::scenarios()]] method serves for two purposes: determining which attributes
should be validated, and determining which attributes are safe. In some rare cases, you may want to validate
an attribute but do not want to mark it safe. You can do so by prefixing an exclamation mark `!` to the attribute
name when declaring it in `scenarios()`, like the `secret` attribute in the following:

```php
public function scenarios()
{
    return [
        'login' => ['username', 'password', '!secret'],
    ];
}
```

When the model is in the `login` scenario, all three attributes will be validated. However, only the `username`
and `password` attributes can be massively assigned. To assign an input value to the `secret` attribute, you
have to do it explicitly as follows,

```php
$model->secret = $secret;
```


## Data Exporting <a name="data-exporting"></a>

Models often need to be exported in different formats. For example, you may want to convert a collection of
models into JSON or Excel format. The exporting process can be broken down into two independent steps.
In the first step, models are converted into arrays; in the second step, the arrays are converted into
target formats. You may just focus on the first step, because the second step can be achieved by generic
data formatters, such as [[yii\web\JsonResponseFormatter]].

The simplest way of converting a model into an array is to use the [[yii\base\Model::attributes]] property.
For example,

```php
$post = \app\models\Post::findOne(100);
$array = $post->attributes;
```

By default, the [[yii\base\Model::attributes]] property will return the values of *all* attributes
declared in [[yii\base\Model::attributes()]].

A more flexible and powerful way of converting a model into an array is to use the [[yii\base\Model::toArray()]]
method. Its default behavior is the same as that of [[yii\base\Model::attributes]]. However, it allows you
to choose which data items, called *fields*, to be put in the resulting array and how they should be formatted.
In fact, it is the default way of exporting models in RESTful Web service development, as described in
the [Response Formatting](rest-response-formatting.md).


### Fields <a name="fields"></a>

A field is simply a named element in the array that is obtained by calling the [[yii\base\Model::toArray()]] method
of a model.

By default, field names are equivalent to attribute names. However, you can change this behavior by overriding
the [[yii\base\Model::fields()|fields()]] and/or [[yii\base\Model::extraFields()|extraFields()]] methods. Both methods
should return a list of field definitions. The fields defined by `fields()` are default fields, meaning that
`toArray()` will return these fields by default. The `extraFields()` method defines additionally available fields
which can also be returned by `toArray()` as long as you specify them via the `$expand` parameter. For example,
the following code will return all fields defined in `fields()` and the `prettyName` and `fullAddress` fields
if they are defined in `extraFields()`.

```php
$array = $model->toArray([], ['prettyName', 'fullAddress']);
```

You can override `fields()` to add, remove, rename or redefine fields. The return value of `fields()`
should be an array. The array keys are the field names, and the array values are the corresponding
field definitions which can be either property/attribute names or anonymous functions returning the
corresponding field values. In the special case when a field name is the same as its defining attribute
name, you can omit the array key. For example,

```php
// explicitly list every field, best used when you want to make sure the changes
// in your DB table or model attributes do not cause your field changes (to keep API backward compatibility).
public function fields()
{
    return [
        // field name is the same as the attribute name
        'id',

        // field name is "email", the corresponding attribute name is "email_address"
        'email' => 'email_address',

        // field name is "name", its value is defined by a PHP callback
        'name' => function () {
            return $this->first_name . ' ' . $this->last_name;
        },
    ];
}

// filter out some fields, best used when you want to inherit the parent implementation
// and blacklist some sensitive fields.
public function fields()
{
    $fields = parent::fields();

    // remove fields that contain sensitive information
    unset($fields['auth_key'], $fields['password_hash'], $fields['password_reset_token']);

    return $fields;
}
```

> Warning: Because by default all attributes of a model will be included in the exported array, you should
> examine your data to make sure they do not contain sensitive information. If there is such information,
> you should override `fields()` to filter them out. In the above example, we choose
> to filter out `auth_key`, `password_hash` and `password_reset_token`.


## Best Practices <a name="best-practices"></a>

Models are the central places to represent business data, rules and logic. They often need to be reused
in different places. In a well-designed application, models are usually much fatter than
[controllers](structure-controllers.md).

In summary, models

* may contain attributes to represent business data;
* may contain validation rules to ensure the data validity and integrity;
* may contain methods implementing business logic;
* should NOT directly access request, session, or any other environmental data. These data should be injected
  by [controllers](structure-controllers.md) into models;
* should avoid embedding HTML or other presentational code - this is better done in [views](structure-views.md);
* avoid having too many [scenarios](#scenarios) in a single model.

You may usually consider the last recommendation above when you are developing large complex systems.
In these systems, models could be very fat because they are used in many places and may thus contain many sets
of rules and business logic. This often ends up in a nightmare in maintaining the model code
because a single touch of the code could affect several different places. To make the mode code more maintainable,
you may take the following strategy:

* Define a set of base model classes that are shared by different [applications](structure-applications.md) or
  [modules](structure-modules.md). These model classes should contain minimal sets of rules and logic that
  are common among all their usages.
* In each [application](structure-applications.md) or [module](structure-modules.md) that uses a model,
  define a crete model class by extending from the corresponding base model class. The concrete model classes
  should contain rules and logic that are specific for that application or module.

For example, in the [Advanced Application Template](tutorial-advanced-app.md), you may define a base model
class `common\models\Post`. Then for the front end application, you define and use a concrete model class
`frontend\models\Post` which extends from `common\models\Post`. And similarly for the back end application,
you define `backend\models\Post`. With this strategy, you will be sure that the code in `frontend\models\Post`
is only specific to the front end application, and if you make any change to it, you do not need to worry if
the change may break the back end application.
